殼牌:整合技術(shù) 實(shí)現(xiàn)雙贏??訪殼牌中國勘探與生產(chǎn)有限公司總裁鄧鑫
□ 本刊記者 / 姜娜 譯 / 覃珧
來源:《石油與裝備》 總第023期
隨著人口增長和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,能源需求也在不斷增加。據(jù)有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)到2050年,世界能源需求總量將達(dá)到21世紀(jì)初的兩倍。過去能夠輕易獲得的石油,到那時(shí)將更難得到,并且越來越難以滿足人類的需求。殼牌作為世界最大的
石油勘探和生產(chǎn)企業(yè)之一,他們將會(huì)采措什么應(yīng)對(duì)措施?
“作為一家大型油氣公司,殼牌相信,新的和尖端的技術(shù)和方法,是滿足我們對(duì)更多能源需求所必需的!睔づ浦袊碧脚c生產(chǎn)有限公司總裁鄧鑫在近日接受記者采訪時(shí)指出。他說:“這主要體現(xiàn)在碳?xì)浠衔锛夹g(shù)在三個(gè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用方面??進(jìn)一步開發(fā)現(xiàn)有油田的生產(chǎn)潛力,‘讓現(xiàn)在資源高負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)’;在環(huán)境敏感地區(qū)或者條件惡劣地區(qū),例如在北極或深水區(qū)域,尋找開發(fā)新油源;加大對(duì)非傳統(tǒng)性碳?xì)浠衔镔Y源的利用,例如瀝青砂和油頁巖等材料的利用!
技術(shù)整合 實(shí)現(xiàn)采收價(jià)值最大化
如何利用碳?xì)浠衔锛夹g(shù)在不同領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮作用呢?也許事實(shí)才是最好的回答,鄧鑫給記者舉了幾個(gè)實(shí)例。
殼牌在全世界范圍內(nèi)極力推廣的一種稱為“智能油田”的技術(shù)。這是殼牌自行開發(fā)的一個(gè)數(shù)字技術(shù),該系統(tǒng)與井下復(fù)雜
油氣藏環(huán)境中的傳感器和控制閥相連(如區(qū)段控制閥和天然氣提升控制閥),通過實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控實(shí)現(xiàn)油田產(chǎn)量的最佳效果。殼牌在文萊Champion西油田通過利用這一技術(shù),最終
采收率上升3%~6%,而開發(fā)成本降低了1美元~1.5美元/桶。
在挪威海上Draugen油田項(xiàng)目中,海水深度達(dá)200米,條件相當(dāng)惡劣。在上世紀(jì)80年代時(shí),鄧鑫曾經(jīng)參與了它的實(shí)地開發(fā)工作!耙?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)老油田,殼牌利用了4D地震技術(shù)(即3D地震技術(shù)再加上時(shí)間維度)。通過以不同時(shí)長為周期向地層發(fā)射地震波,
采油工程隊(duì)在2001年至2004年期間確定的油井不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了防水,并且可以將原來注水法開采遺留下來的儲(chǔ)油開采出來。這樣,該油田的目標(biāo)采收率從最初的50%提升到73%。”
較小規(guī)模的可膨脹帶狀隔離裝置(Expandable Zonal Isolation Profiler, E-Zip)技術(shù),是殼牌擁有專利的一個(gè)低成本典型方案。它可以降低地下水流入油井水平,從而增加高出水油井的產(chǎn)量。E-Zip技術(shù)利用殼牌自有專利的遇水膨脹的彈性橡膠,將高出水量油井中的水油隔離,使油井得到了有效防水保護(hù)。這種遇水膨脹的彈性橡膠被放入油井之后,一旦遇水就會(huì)自動(dòng)膨脹,從而達(dá)到防水隔離的效果。在阿曼Nimr油田,通過應(yīng)用這一技術(shù),第一生產(chǎn)年度(2005年)的出水量從90%降低到了40%。
“我們所描述的技術(shù)應(yīng)用的真正價(jià)值,在于技術(shù)整合的全過程!编圅螐(qiáng)調(diào),“如果井下傳感器和控制器沒有和一個(gè)完善的技術(shù)模型有效結(jié)合,如果工作人員對(duì)地下情況沒有深入全面的了解,也就不能正確認(rèn)識(shí)井下環(huán)境,不能對(duì)操作過程適時(shí)進(jìn)行合理的調(diào)整,那么這些設(shè)備的價(jià)值就不能發(fā)揮出來,采收率最大化也就無從談起。Draugen油田項(xiàng)目中使用的地震波探測(cè)技術(shù),如果不能有效地用于新井定位和設(shè)計(jì)過程中,其價(jià)值就得不到體現(xiàn),因?yàn)槟菢油瓿傻你@井不能確保進(jìn)入油氣藏的正確區(qū)域!
“殼牌在中國真正能夠有所幫助的是整個(gè)鉆采過程的技術(shù)整合,即技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用于整個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)開發(fā)過程當(dāng)中,同時(shí)清楚地說明我們需要什么技術(shù),以及在鉆采過程中每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)之間是如何聯(lián)系的,這樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)最大的價(jià)值!编圅握f,他們正在中東開發(fā)一個(gè)極稠油田,它目前的采收率僅為3%左右。過去試圖開發(fā)的努力效果都不好,F(xiàn)在,通過仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)蒸汽注入工藝,他們有效地利用巖石裂隙將氣體輸送進(jìn)去,在綜合方案的指引下已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了正常開采,預(yù)計(jì)采收率可以上升到30%!
在提高現(xiàn)有油田的開采水平方面,殼牌通過某些工藝開發(fā)老油田,實(shí)現(xiàn)采收率的提升。在挪威通過先進(jìn)的井下成像和模型設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化鉆井位置,在文萊采用智能油田技術(shù),在阿曼利用防水控制等。這些方案中的每一個(gè)都要求他們密切結(jié)合對(duì)油田具體情況的認(rèn)識(shí),并在開發(fā)過程中認(rèn)真執(zhí)行。
在過去的25年中,殼牌一直致力于尋找一種有效而又經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法,從油田開采現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的油頁巖和極稠油砂層中提高油氣采收率。在這些條件下的傳統(tǒng)開采方法成本很高,并且會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境造成破壞。殼牌已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了被稱作就地轉(zhuǎn)化工藝(In situ Upgrading)的施工方法,它可以在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)將地下油頁巖和砂層中的油母質(zhì)或石油升級(jí)為輕質(zhì)碳?xì)浠衔锖吞烊粴鈦唽。利用這種技術(shù),殼牌從2004年開始就在加拿大進(jìn)行先導(dǎo)性實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果令人振奮,表明采收率可以達(dá)到50%以上。鄧鑫樂觀地說:“這一工作還在繼續(xù),進(jìn)一步完善之后再正式投入使用!
因需而變 迎接新挑戰(zhàn)
鄧鑫說,“在環(huán)境敏感地區(qū)和條件惡劣地區(qū)勘探新油田方面,殼牌技術(shù)應(yīng)用最明顯的例子就是深水油藏開采。”他指出,殼牌在此領(lǐng)域一直處于世界領(lǐng)先地位,目前已經(jīng)進(jìn)入超深水域施工。
遠(yuǎn)在上世紀(jì)80年代,鄧鑫在挪威工作時(shí),他們還認(rèn)為300米-400米水深是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的!暗堑2004年時(shí),我們創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)新的世界紀(jì)錄,在Nakika海底
鉆井平臺(tái)項(xiàng)目中,施工深度達(dá)到2,300多米。2007年殼牌在美國承建Perdido深水鉆探項(xiàng)目。Perdido SPAR鉆井平臺(tái)項(xiàng)目水深達(dá)2,500米,成為世界上最深的SPAR鉆井生產(chǎn)平臺(tái)。另外一個(gè)海上油氣鉆探平臺(tái)是巴西的BC-10海上平臺(tái),它的深度雖然只有1.8公里,和Perdido相比要遜色不少。但是BC-10是一個(gè)稠油開采平臺(tái),該項(xiàng)目正在建設(shè)之中,需要利用大量先進(jìn)技術(shù),才能從很深的地層中將稠油有效而安全地提取出來!
環(huán)境敏感地區(qū)和北極等條件惡劣地區(qū),對(duì)于殼牌和它的技術(shù)來說是另外一個(gè)新挑戰(zhàn)。殼牌目前最大的海上開發(fā)項(xiàng)目是俄羅斯薩卡林油田,該地區(qū)海面半年時(shí)間都由冰層覆蓋,F(xiàn)在殼牌還在阿拉斯加以北的Beufort?碧。
在非傳統(tǒng)碳?xì)浠衔锏拈_發(fā)利用方面,非常致密的油氣田,例如美國Pinedale(陸上)氣田項(xiàng)目,要求利用一整套合理配置的針對(duì)此油氣田具體特點(diǎn)的技術(shù)方案,然后必須嚴(yán)格實(shí)施才能降低項(xiàng)目成本,實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)量的最大化。在Pinedale項(xiàng)目中,殼牌在模型基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)真設(shè)計(jì)了一套油井壓裂工藝(fracturing technique),針對(duì)測(cè)量的地下地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),利用場(chǎng)內(nèi)傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)壓裂優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。然后針對(duì)不同儲(chǔ)油層,殼牌開發(fā)了多重壓裂施工工藝。最后對(duì)選定的工藝進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化,鉆井時(shí)間比開始時(shí)降低了50%。
據(jù)鄧鑫介紹:“在文萊,鉆探隊(duì)面臨的問題是油囊或油藏規(guī)模太小,所以單獨(dú)開發(fā)從經(jīng)濟(jì)上不劃算。而且即使從經(jīng)濟(jì)上劃算,在每個(gè)油囊上面架設(shè)海上鉆探平臺(tái)所造成的環(huán)境影響也是巨大的。殼牌因地制宜,制定的開發(fā)方案被稱為蛇形井,該油井在地下油囊之間的走向像蛇或龍爬行一樣,把油囊連接起來,通過一根生產(chǎn)套管實(shí)現(xiàn)多點(diǎn)共產(chǎn)(Co-mingled production)!
因需而變,殼牌的技術(shù)也在不斷創(chuàng)新中發(fā)展。鄧鑫強(qiáng)調(diào)說:“殼牌石油是一家石油天然氣企業(yè)。作為能源企業(yè),該公司重視技術(shù)因素的推動(dòng)作用,通過開發(fā)和利用先進(jìn)技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)最大采收率(即實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的價(jià)值最大化),同時(shí)最大程度地降低HSE(健康、安全、環(huán)境)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平及實(shí)際發(fā)生情況!
強(qiáng)勁技術(shù)支撐 實(shí)現(xiàn)合作雙贏
對(duì)于殼牌而言,技術(shù)和設(shè)備本身并不意味著其工作的全部。一個(gè)服務(wù)公司可能擁有一些自有技術(shù),隨之向客戶推銷,并從中獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。殼牌的不同之處,還在于殼牌對(duì)石油工業(yè)有著全面而徹底的了解,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提供附加價(jià)值,為商業(yè)伙伴和自身提供油田開發(fā)的綜合技術(shù)方案,使先進(jìn)技術(shù)得到最大程度地利用。
鄧鑫告訴記者,對(duì)于一個(gè)跨國公司,能否獲得中國的上游業(yè)務(wù)合作的機(jī)會(huì)不是件容易的事情。殼牌通過與中石油在長北的項(xiàng)目合作,證明了與合作伙伴保持緊密的合作關(guān)系,同時(shí)安全應(yīng)用和整合技術(shù),他們也能夠在中國把上游項(xiàng)目做的非常成功。
在長北氣田項(xiàng)目中,殼牌中國勘探與生產(chǎn)有限公司通過對(duì)地下地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)和致密氣藏不利開采條件等因素的深入徹底分析,提出了正確的技術(shù)方案,即雙分支
水平井方案。隨后在氣井施工過程中,綜合考慮了殼牌及其服務(wù)公司,和合作方提出的多種方案和技術(shù),如鉆井的走向、定位,泥漿系統(tǒng),
鉆頭、
鉆桿設(shè)計(jì)等,實(shí)現(xiàn)了氣井的最大價(jià)值和最佳開采水平。到目前為止,長北雙分支水平氣井的平均產(chǎn)量是該區(qū)域普通豎井產(chǎn)量的5倍-10倍。誠然,這些氣井的成本確實(shí)提高了,但是總體上,它們具有更高的投入產(chǎn)出比,而且因?yàn)榇蠓鹊亟档土俗鳂I(yè)范圍(最高達(dá)10倍),對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞也降到了最低。
“殼牌具有強(qiáng)大的綜合能力,這使殼牌不同于一般的服務(wù)公司!编圅芜M(jìn)一步解釋說:“但這并不意味著殼牌在技術(shù)上的缺乏,實(shí)際上殼牌具有大量豐富的技術(shù)。如殼牌勘探與生產(chǎn)在全世界擁有26,000多項(xiàng)專利,其中11,000項(xiàng)已經(jīng)獲得了正式批準(zhǔn),15,000項(xiàng)正在申請(qǐng)中。在殼牌先進(jìn)的技術(shù)中,還有其它一些技術(shù)的應(yīng)用主要圍繞著施工安全展開,例如紅外線氣體探測(cè)和自動(dòng)關(guān)閉系統(tǒng),雖然這些在世界其他地方很普遍,但是在中國卻很少見到!
把
石油裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展到一個(gè)頂峰,并將這些技術(shù)完美整合來獲得最大化的油氣田整體開發(fā)價(jià)值,殼牌在中國的百年歷史表明了對(duì)中國的長遠(yuǎn)承諾;“可持續(xù)發(fā)展和經(jīng)營”是殼牌的社會(huì)目標(biāo);幫助中國安全持續(xù)并經(jīng)濟(jì)地提供可靠的清潔能源,是殼牌的商業(yè)理想!霸绞抢щy,越是要有突破!”殼牌就是以這樣的精神不斷地開拓創(chuàng)新,以最尖端的技術(shù)來勘探能源儲(chǔ)備、從開采難度與日俱增的礦藏地點(diǎn)采掘能源并將之輸送給消費(fèi)者,不斷地突破自身技術(shù)的極限。(本期封面人物為,殼牌中國勘探與生產(chǎn)有限公司總裁鄧鑫。)
According the related institution forecast, the world energy demand could be twice that at the turn of this century by 2050. The easy oil of the past will not be sufficient to meet this demand. This will require new technology and approaches to ensure energy demands can be met. Shell, as one of the biggest exploration & production companies, what will it do?
“As a major oil and gas company Shell believes that new and advanced technologies and methods will be required to satisfy our needs for more energy.” The Venture Director of Shell China Exploration & Production Co., Ltd., Mr. Simon Durkin, said recently when interviewed by journalists: “Primarily we see three areas of hydrocarbon technology application: Getting more out of the existing fields, ‘sweating the current assets’; finding and exploiting new reserves in environmentally sensitive or very difficult areas, such as the arctic or very deep water zone; and a move to more unconventional sources of hydrocarbon, for example tar sands or oil shale.”
Technology integration,
maximize recovery value
How to employ the hydrocarbon technology to make effects in different areas? Maybe, the truth is the best answer. Mr. Durkin discussed some practical examples with the journalist.
Shell globally has a big push on what they call “Smart fields”. This is where Shell uses a proprietary digital program linked to down hole sensors and control valves (e.g: interval control valves and gas lift control valves) in complex stacked reservoirs to monitor and optimize the oil field production real time. To give a real example, the implementation of this technology will increase ultimate recovery by between 3 and 6% and has already reduced development costs by 1 to 1.5$ / bbl in the Champion West field in Brunei.
Mr. Durkin informed that where Shell can work to really help in China is in the whole process of integration that means the technology is designed into the full field development with a clear understanding of what is required and how every aspect of the development inter-connects to maximize value. He cited an example for the reporter that they are developing a very viscous oil field in the Middle East where current recovery is around 3%. Past attempts to develop the field have not really worked. Now through careful design of the steam injection process to effectively use the fractures to carry the steam, the field is being developed in an integrated approach which is expected to raise the recovery to 30%.
In the aspect of getting more out of existing fields, Shell has been able to work with old oil fields and to raise the level of recovery, through better downhole imaging and modeling to optimize well locations in Norway, or application of SMART Fields technology in Brunei, or water control in Oman. Each of these solutions requires Shell carefully executed and fully integrated with the development and understanding of the oil field being produced.
Changing to meet demand,
greet new challenge
Mr. Durkin talked about the hydrocarbon technology application all along. He said: “exploiting new reserves in environmentally sensitive or very difficult areas, the most obvious area of technology application is in deepwater where Shell remains the world leader. Here we are now moving into ultra deep waters.”
The environmentally sensitive and difficult areas of the Arctic are another frontier for Shell and its technology. Shell’s largest current offshore development is in Sakahlin Russia subject to iced sea conditions for half of the year and Shell is currently exploring in the Beufort Sea north of Alaska.
About the development and utilization of unconventional hydrocarbon, very tight gas fields such as Pinedale in the USA (onshore) require a full integration of technology appropriate to the field being developed and then a rigorous approach to optimize the chosen solution to reduce costs and maximize production. For example in Pinedale, Shell has carefully designed a fracturing technique for the wells based on modeling and use of infield sensors to optimize the fracture design to the measured sub-surface conditions. Further, techniques have been developed for multiple fracturing and completion at the different reservoir layers. Finally, the chosen technology has then been optimized reducing the well times by about 50% compared with the start.
Changing to meet demand, Mr. Durkin emphasized that Shell is an oil and gas company, a technology driven energy company who develops and applies technology in order to maximize recovery / value and minimize HSE risks and exposure.
Powerful technique support,
push the upstream development in China
Technology and equipment is not an end itself for Shell. A service company may own bits of technology which they will push and make money out of. The difference of Shell is that Shell adds value by understanding the full picture and providing an integrated technical solution that leverages technology most effectively for the partners and themselves in the development of the field.
Mr. Durkin emphasized that Shell distinguishes from a service company that does not mean Shell doesn’t own a great deal of technologies for example they have over 26,000 patents worldwide, 11,000 fully approved and 15,000 pending. And other technology applications are focused around safety, such as infra red detection and automated shut down systems, which are quite common elsewhere in the world but hardly seen in China.
“Sustainable development and operation ” is the key target for Shell. To provide reliable and clean energy for China in a safe, sustainable and commercial manner. “The more troubled the circumstances are, the more breakthroughs are needed!” It is under this principle that Shell has always strived for new innovations, providing their customers with energy explored and developed using the most advanced technologies. Even when the exploration challenge has got harder and harder, Shell has continuously broken through its own limits.
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